Echocardiography

This state-of-the-art application has 49 chapters, which cover all common aspects of echocardiography starting from basics to the current advanced techniques. All efforts have been made to maintain the quality and standard of the application. The application emphasizes on how to perform basic 2D and 3D echocardiography, and there are chapters fully dedicated on “How to perform two and three-dimensional echocardiography by the uninitiated.” Both transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic techniques are described. There are separate chapters on chamber quantification, assessment of systolic, diastolic function, congenital and valvular heart disease. There are dedicated chapters on coronary artery disease, stress echocardiography and myocardial contrast echocardiography, emphasizing the need for strain analysis, regional wall motion abnormalities and ejection fraction. Great emphasis has been placed on the role of echocardiography during cardiac interventions. There are dedicated chapters on echocardiography for transcutaneous aortic valve replacement, mitral valve interventions, and structural heart disease interventions in both cardiac catheterization laboratory and surgical operation theatre. The application further explores the value of echocardiography for electrophysiology: Echo in patients with pacemakers and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Finally, we have tried to address some unique problems in India: The medicolegal issues and the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act. These are dealt with in great detail in the last chapter.